Uhlalutyo lweentlobo zezinto kunye neempawu ezifanelekileyo kwitekhnoloji yokucima i-laser

I. Izixhobo zesinyithi ezine-ferrous (okwangoku zezona zisetyenziswa kakhulu)

1. Intsimbi yekhabhoni ephakathi nephezulu (umxholo yekhabhoni 0.3% ~ 0.8%), izinto eziqhelekileyo:

Intsimbi engama-45 (intsimbi yesakhiwo esiphakathi-khabhoni esemgangathweni ophezulu), ebizwa ngokuba yi-S45C kwimigangatho ye-JIS, i-ASTM 1045/080M46, kunye ne-DIN C45, yintsimbi yesakhiwo sekhabhoni ekumgangatho ophezulu enekhemikhali elandelayo: i-0.42-0.50% yekhabhoni (C), i-0.17-0.37% ye-silicon (Si), i-0.50-0.80% ye-manganese (Mn), kunye ne-≤0.25% ye-chromium (Cr). Le nto iguquguqukayo ibonisa ukusebenza okugqwesileyo okubandayo/okushushu, iipropati eziphezulu zoomatshini, ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko, kunye nokufumaneka ngokubanzi, okwenza ukuba isetyenziswe kakhulu kwizicelo zoshishino. Nangona kunjalo, umda wayo oyintloko ukwimeko yokuqina okuphantsi, okwenza ukuba ingafaneleki kwiinxalenye zokwenza izinto ezifuna ubungakanani obukhulu okanye imigangatho yokuchaneka okuphezulu.

Intsimbi ye-T8: Intsimbi yesixhobo sekhabhoni ye-eutectoid ebonisa ubunzima obuphezulu kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka emva kokucima nokulungisa, nangona inemida equka ukuqina okuncinci kobushushu, ukuqina okuncinci, kunye nokuchaphazeleka kokuguquguquka okugqithisileyo ngexesha lokwenziwa. Le nto ihambelana nemigangatho yothotho lwe-GB/T 1298, equlethe umxholo wekhabhoni phakathi kwe-0.75% kunye ne-0.84%, okwenza ifaneleke ukuvelisa izixhobo zokusika ezimile okwe-cold-forming kunye nezixhobo zokusika. Inkqubo yokucima ifuna ukupholisa amanzi kwi-780-800℃°C, ngelixa ukufudumala okungaphezulu kwe-250℃°C kuqinisekisa uzinzo olulinganayo. Nangona kunjalo, ayikhuthazwa kwizicelo ezifuna ukumelana nomthwalo ochaphazelekayo.

Intsimbi eyi-65Mn: Imveliso yentsimbi yentwasahlobo enamandla aphezulu emva konyango lobushushu kunye nokuqina komzobo obandayo, enika ukuguquguquka okuhle kunye neplastiki. Phantsi kweemeko ezifanayo zomphezulu kunye nokuqina okupheleleyo, umda wayo wokudinwa ufana nowemithombo ye-alloy enemibala emihlanu. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuqina okungekho ngqiqweni, isetyenziselwa ikakhulu imithombo emincinci efana nemithombo yokulungisa uxinzelelo/elawula isantya, imithombo yokulinganisa amandla, imithombo ye-helical ejikelezayo/engxande ngokubanzi, okanye imithombo yentsimbi etsalwa ngocingo yoomatshini abancinci. Isiphumo sokuqina: Ubunzima bomphezulu bufikelela kwi-55-65 HRC enobunzulu bomaleko oqinileyo obuyi-0.2 ~ 1.5mm, obunesakhiwo esifanayo se-martensitic kunye nokumelana nokuguguleka okuphuculweyo kakhulu (umz., ubomi bokuguguleka bentsimbi engama-45 buyanda amaxesha ama-4-6 emva kokucima). Ifanelekile kwiigiya, iiphini, kunye nezinto ze-shaft. Indlela yokusebenza: Umxholo owaneleyo wekhabhoni wenza i-martensite eninzi, edlula kwi-austenitization epheleleyo ngexesha lokufudumeza ngokukhawuleza kwe-laser kwaye ifezekisa utshintsho olupheleleyo lwesigaba ngokuzicima.

2. Intsimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy (yongeza i-Cr, i-Ni, i-Mo kunye nezinye izinto), izinto eziqhelekileyo:

40Cr: (I-40Cr iwela phantsi kodidi "lwentsimbi yokwakha i-alloy" njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-GB3077. Le ntsimbi iqulethe i-0.37%-0.44% yekhabhoni, engaphantsi kancinci kunentsimbi engama-45, enomxholo ofanayo we-Si kunye ne-Mn. Iqulethe i-0.80%-1.10% Cr. Kwizicelo eziqengqelekayo ezishushu, lo mxholo we-1% Cr awusebenzi, njengoko omabini la manqanaba ebonisa iimpawu ezifanayo zoomatshini. Ngenxa yokuba i-40Cr ibiza malunga nesiqingatha sentsimbi engama-45, ukuqwalaselwa kwezoqoqosho kuhlala kukhokelela ekusebenziseni intsimbi engama-45 endaweni yoko xa kunokwenzeka.

35CrMo: I-35CrMo yikhowudi yeenkcukacha zentsimbi yesakhiwo se-alloy (intsimbi ecinyiweyo neqinisiweyo), ehambelana nomgangatho waseJamani 1.7220, umgangatho waseBritane 708A37, umgangatho waseFransi 35CD4, njl.njl., ngokuhambelana ne-GB/T 3077-2015. Inomlinganiselo wekhabhoni oyi-0.72%, ukuwelda okungekho semgangathweni okufuna amanyathelo okufudumeza kwangaphambili. Le ntsimbi inamandla aphezulu angashukumiyo kunye nokuqina kwempembelelo, inamandla okutsalwa ≥985MPa kunye namandla okuvelisa ≥835MPa, iyakwazi ukumelana namaqondo obushushu okusebenza ixesha elide ukuya kuthi ga kwi-500℃. Ifanelekile ukuvelisa izinto ezinomthwalo ophezulu ezifana neebhokisi zegiya, ii-crankshafts, iintambo zokudibanisa, kunye nee-spindles ze-turbine zomphunga kwii-rolling mills.

20CrMnTi: Intsimbi efakwe i-carburing enomxholo wekhabhoni oyi-0.17%-0.24%, esetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso yeemoto kwiigiya zokuhambisa. Njengentsimbi eqina kakhulu ye-carburing (Cr-Mn-Ti), ibonisa ukuqina okugqwesileyo ngelixa igcina ukuqina okuphezulu kwiqondo lobushushu eliphantsi. Yenzelwe ngokukodwa ukuqina kwe-carburing kumphezulu, le ntsimbi ibonisa ukuqina okugqwesileyo kunye nokuguquguquka okuncinci kunye nokumelana nokudinwa okubalaseleyo. Izicelo zayo eziphambili ziquka ukuvelisa izinto ze-shaft, iindawo zepiston, kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo zeemoto kunye neenqwelo moya.

Isiphumo sokucima: ubunzima bunokufikelela kwi-60~70 HRC, ubunzulu bomaleko oqinisiweyo buyi-0.3~2mm, izinto ze-alloy ziphucula ukuqina kunye nokumelana nokugqwala (ezifana nezixhobo ze-35CrMo emva kokucima amandla okudinwa anyuke nge-30%).

Qaphela: Umxholo ophezulu we-alloy unokunciphisa izinga lokufunxwa yi-laser, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukuphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokufunxwa kwamandla ngonyango lokumnyama (njengokuphosphating kunye nokugquma).

3. Isinyithi esixonxiweyo (isinyithi esingwevu, isinyithi esixonxiweyo esithambileyo), izixhobo eziqhelekileyo:

I-HT300: luhlobo lwentsimbi engwevu enamandla aphezulu, isebenzisa umgangatho wesizwe we-GB 9439-88, igama layo elithi "HT" limele intsimbi engwevu, "300" libonisa ukuba amandla okutsalwa kwentonga yokuvavanya enobubanzi obuyi-30mm yi-300MPa.

QT600-3: I-QT600-3 yintsimbi ethambileyo yomzimba we-pearlitic, enamandla aphakathi naphezulu, ukuqina okuphakathi kunye nokuqina kweplastiki, ukusebenza okuphezulu okubanzi, ukumelana nokuguguleka okuhle kunye nokuxinana kokungcangcazela, iimpawu ezilungileyo zenkqubo yokubumba. Ingatshintsha iipropati zayo ngokusebenzisa unyango oluhlukeneyo lobushushu.

Isiphumo sokucima: Ubulukhuni bomphezulu bunokufikelela kwi-45~55 HRC, ubunzulu bomaleko oqinileyo buyi-0.1~0.8mm, kwaye isakhiwo se-martensite + residual austenite senziwe ngokujikeleze isigaba se-graphite, nto leyo ephucula amandla okulwa nokugaya (umzekelo, i-friction coefficient ye-machine tool guide rail emva kokucima incitshiswa yi-20%).

II. Iintsimbi ezingezizo iintsimbi kunye nee-alloys zazo (iintsimi zokusetyenziswa ezikhulayo)

1. I-alloy yeTitanium (Ti-6Al-4V, njl.njl.)

I-alloy ye-titanium ibhekisa kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zee-alloy ezenziwe nge-titanium kunye nezinye iintsimbi. I-titanium yintsimbi ebalulekileyo yokwakha eyaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yoo-1950, inamandla e-alloy ye-titanium, ixhathisa ukugqwala, kwaye ixhathisa ubushushu obuphezulu.

Iimpawu zokuqina: Ukufudumeza nge-laser kukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-martensite eyomileyo ngaphezulu, kwaye ubunzima buyanda ukusuka kwi-300 HV ukuya kwi-500 ~ 600 HV, ngelixa kugcinwa ukuqina okuhle (okufanelekileyo ekuqiniseni iiblade ze-aero-injini).

  Ubunzima bobuchwephesha: I-alloy ye-titanium inokukhanya okuphezulu kwe-laser (malunga ne-70%), ngoko ke kufuneka kusetyenziswe unyango lwangaphambi komphezulu (njengokuqhumisa isanti) okanye i-ultraviolet laser (ubude bamaza obuyi-355nm, ukukhanya okungaphantsi kwe-30%).

2. I-aluminium alloy (uthotho lwe-2xxx, uthotho lwe-7xxx)

Le yi-alloy esekwe kwi-aluminium equlethe izinto ezongezelelweyo ezifana nobhedu, i-silicon, i-magnesium, i-zinc, kunye ne-manganese. Ngokusebenzisa uhlengahlengiso lomlinganiselo wezinto, yenza uthotho lwe-1XXX ukuya kwi-8XXX olugubungela i-aluminium ecocekileyo yemizi-mveliso kunye ne-aluminium-copper alloys. Inkqubo yayo yekhowudi yesimo isekelwe kwiimeko ezihlanu ezisisiseko kuquka i-F (umatshini wokugaya wasimahla) kunye ne-O (ukudibanisa), kunye neekhowudi ezineenkcukacha ezifana ne-T6 ezivumela ulawulo oluchanekileyo lwamandla kunye neempawu zokumelana nokugqwala.

Indlela yokucima: Ukuqina kwesisombululo esiqinileyo kufezekiswa ngokufudumeza ngokukhawuleza kwe-laser, kwaye isigaba esinokumelana ne-metastable senziwa emva kokuzipholisa ngokwaso (umzekelo, ubunzima be-aluminium alloy ye-7075 buyanda ukusuka kwi-150 HV ukuya kwi-220 HV emva kokucima).

Imida yesicelo: I-alloy ye-aluminiyam inomoya oqinileyo wokushisa (umoya oshushu ungama-200 W/m K), i-laser enamandla aphezulu (≥2 kW) iyafuneka ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kobushushu, kwaye kulula ukuvelisa ukuguquguquka koxinzelelo lobushushu.

3. Iialloy zetin (ithusi, ibronzi)

Le yingxubevange eyenziwe ngobhedu olucocekileyo olunento enye okanye ezingaphezulu ezongezelelweyo. Usetyenziso: Ukuqina komphezulu wezinto ezingagugiyo (umz., iibheringi, iivalvu). Emva kokucima nge-laser, umphezulu wenza isakhiwo se-nanocrystalline, okwandisa ubunzima nge-15% ukuya kwi-30%. Nangona kunjalo, ubushushu bokufudumeza kufuneka bulawulwe ukuthintela ukuthamba kwe-matrix yobhedu.

III. Izixhobo Ezikhethekileyo Zokusebenza

1. Izinto zePowder Metallurgy (umz., izinto zepowder metallurgical ezisekwe kwintsimbi kunye necopper-based) Iingenelo: Isakhiwo esinemingxuma singagcina ioyile yokuthambisa, kunye nomphezulu oqina emva kokucima nge-laser. Ukuqina kuyanda ukusuka kwi-20-30 HRC ukuya kwi-50-55 HRC, nto leyo eyenza ukuba zifaneleke kwiibheringi ezizithambisayo.

2. Izixhobo Zokugquma Umphezulu (umz., ii-thermal spray coats kunye nee-cladding layers) Ukusetyenziswa Okuqhelekileyo: Emva kokucinywa nge-laser kwee-WC-Co coats ezitshizwe kwiindawo zentsimbi yekhabhoni, kwakheka isakhiwo esidityanisiweyo esithi "martensite matrix + cemented carbide phase", esifikelela kubunzima obungaphezulu kwe-1000 HV. Ezi zinto zisetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinganyangekiyo zoomatshini bokwemba.

IV. Izixhobo ezingafanelekiyo ukucima nge-laser

Intsimbi enekhabhoni ephantsi (umxholo wekhabhoni Ngenxa yokungabikho komxholo wekhabhoni owaneleyo, utshintsho lwe-martensitic luncinci, nto leyo ebangela ukuba ingabi namandla (ukwanda kobunzima

Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ecocekileyo ye-austenitic (umz., 316L): Ayinawo amandla okuguqula i-martensitic. Ukufudumeza nge-laser kubangela ukuqina komsebenzi kuphela kodwa ubunzima buphuculwe kancinci (malunga ne-15% -20%).